Pebane fire, 16 September 2023 Pebane
The fire started on 16 September 2023 in Pebane, Mozambique, and satellites saw it burning for 31 days. Copernicus’s global GWIS system rebuilt a burnt perimeter of 19,106 hectares from heat detections, spread across a single municipality.
It is the 79th largest in Zambézia since 2016 (of 839 with a page). Number 3 in Mozambique in 2023, of 128.
Compare with…
Suggestions: Pebane · 2020Pebane · 2016Pebane · 2022Pebane · 2018
- Burnt area
- 19,106ha
- GWIS perimeter (Copernicus)
- Duration
- 31days
- 16 Sept 2023 – 16 Oct 2023
- Municipalities hit
- 1
- districts
- Started on
- 16 Sept
- 2023
- Heat detections
- 1,049
- in a single hotspot: 128 MW
- Danger at start
- 31
- High · FWI index
- Average daily power
- 372MW
- detected power per day, on average
Where it burned
How it evolved, day by day
Fire radiative power detected each day, in megawatts, and number of hotspots. The magenta bar marks the peak day.
The weather it burned in
It had gone one day without rain (1 mm or more) when it started. Rain came after the fire: 4.4 mm on 17 Oct.
This area had burned before
95% of the perimeter overlaps earlier fires recorded since 2016: 11,465 ha in 2016, 11,425 ha in 2017, 12,093 ha in 2018, 6,217 ha in 2019, 12,716 ha in 2020, 12,137 ha in 2021, 11,490 ha in 2022. Part of it burned more than once, so the yearly figures add up to more than the 18,201 ha that had burned before.
- 6,496 ha Pebane fire, September 2020 12,694 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 6,085 ha Pebane fire, September 2016 10,511 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 6,057 ha Pebane fire, November 2022 8,560 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 4,714 ha Pebane fire, September 2018 6,535 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 4,489 ha Pebane fire, September 2021 6,940 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 3,953 ha Pebane fire, October 2017 5,856 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 2,827 ha Pebane fire, October 2017 4,121 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 1,875 ha Pebane fire, October 2019 4,009 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
How big is it?
London boundary: geoBoundaries · Office for National Statistics (Open Government Licence v3.0).
Paris boundary: geoBoundaries · Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière (IGN-F) (Etalab Open License 2.0).
Madrid boundary: geoBoundaries · Open Data ESRI, IGN Central Registry of Cartography Area (CC BY 4.0).
Berlin boundary: geoBoundaries · Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy (dl-de/by-2-0).
This compares size, not location: both shapes are at the same scale, north up, centred on each other.
What happened to each town
-
Pebane where it started19,241 ha reached on 16 Sept1.9 %
Burnt area inside each municipality, from crossing the GWIS perimeter with administrative boundaries. The distance runs from the point marking the centre of each area to the nearest fire: staying a kilometre away does not mean it reached the houses.
People and buildings inside the perimeter
GHSL 2025Inside the perimeter there were about 15 hectares of built-up land and about 2,600 residents (GHSL 2025, satellite-based estimate).
This is an estimate on 100 m cells, made from satellite imagery and census data: it does not mean that homes burned or that anyone was harmed. The perimeter also contains land that never burned. The GHSL 2025 epoch is a projection made from 2020 and earlier data.
Source: Global Human Settlement Layer (GHS-BUILT-S and GHS-POP R2023A), European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), © European Union, CC BY 4.0. Sum inside the perimeter computed by WorldFires. human-settlement.emergency.copernicus.eu
The weather day by day
ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis at the fire location, the standard reference for past weather, and the Canadian Fire Weather Index (the same system Copernicus uses), computed by WorldFires from that data. Days after the fire run until the first rain.
Open-Meteo.com (CC BY 4.0) · Copernicus Climate Change Service (ERA5)
| Day | High | Min. humidity | Peak gust | Rain | Danger (FWI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16 Sept | 37.6 °C | 22 % | 34 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 31 |
| 17 Sept | 38.4 °C | 22 % | 36 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 33 |
| 18 Sept | 32.9 °C | 32 % | 47 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 33 |
| 19 Sept | 29.6 °C | 52 % | 31 km/h | 2.1 mm | Low 8 |
| 20 Sept | 32.9 °C | 38 % | 38 km/h | 0.0 mm | Moderate 20 |
| 21 Sept | 34.8 °C | 29 % | 45 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 30 |
| 22 Sept | 33.0 °C | 38 % | 41 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 29 |
| 23 Sept | 35.5 °C | 27 % | 32 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 29 |
| 24 Sept | 35.9 °C | 29 % | 37 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 31 |
| 25 Sept | 35.1 °C | 32 % | 39 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 33 |
| 26 Sept | 37.9 °C | 20 % | 41 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 42 |
| 27 Sept | 36.8 °C | 21 % | 39 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 40 |
| 28 Sept | 36.8 °C | 24 % | 41 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 42 |
| 29 Sept | 36.2 °C | 25 % | 39 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 42 |
| 30 Sept | 37.2 °C | 20 % | 38 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 41 |
| 1 Oct | 39.7 °C | 20 % | 39 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 44 |
| 2 Oct | 31.4 °C | 46 % | 43 km/h | 1.9 mm | Moderate 16 |
| 3 Oct | 27.1 °C | 49 % | 42 km/h | 2.8 mm | Low 8 |
| 4 Oct | 31.5 °C | 36 % | 42 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 22 |
| 5 Oct | 34.0 °C | 37 % | 40 km/h | 0.3 mm | High 26 |
| 6 Oct | 36.3 °C | 29 % | 44 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 34 |
| 7 Oct | 38.6 °C | 21 % | 34 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 38 |
| 8 Oct | 39.5 °C | 24 % | 44 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 42 |
| 9 Oct | 35.6 °C | 31 % | 46 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 41 |
| 10 Oct | 34.7 °C | 33 % | 39 km/h | 0.1 mm | High 37 |
| 11 Oct | 34.9 °C | 37 % | 40 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 35 |
| 12 Oct | 38.6 °C | 22 % | 40 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 43 |
| 13 Oct | 41.9 °C | 14 % | 39 km/h | 0.0 mm | Extreme 50 |
| 14 Oct | 42.9 °C | 11 % | 45 km/h | 0.0 mm | Extreme 58 |
| 15 Oct | 38.5 °C | 29 % | 45 km/h | 0.1 mm | Very high 47 |
| 16 Oct | 37.1 °C | 40 % | 40 km/h | 0.7 mm | High 31 |
| 17 Oct after | 36.8 °C | 40 % | 42 km/h | 4.4 mm | Moderate 14 |
Before and after, from space
Drag the line to compare the same ground before the fire and after it.
If the day is cloudy, change the date: each satellite passes once a day. In false colour the burnt ground looks brown or red.
The smoke
CAMS · CopernicusOn 25 September 2023 the air beside the fire reached 33 µg/m³ of PM2.5. That day averaged 16: 1.1 times the WHO daily guideline (15).
Particles from the Copernicus CAMS model at the centre of the perimeter; these are not measurements in each town. The pale bar is the worst hour, the solid one the daily average.
Open-Meteo.com (CC BY 4.0) · Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS)
Detections table · 1,049Every satellite heat detection, one by one, with time, satellite, power and coordinates.
| Date and time | Satellite | FRP (MW) | Lat | Lon |
|---|
Other fires nearby
Frequently asked questions
- How long did the Pebane fire last?
- According to the heat detections seen by satellite inside the perimeter, it burned from 16 September 2023 to 16 October 2023 (31 days). The perimeter dates it from 22 September 2023 to 15 October 2023.
- How much area did it burn?
- The perimeter GWIS (Copernicus) rebuilt from heat detections is 19,106 hectares (191.1 km²). It is an estimate: official national figures may differ.
- Which municipalities burned?
- The fire only entered Pebane (19,241 ha, 1.9 %).
- What was the weather like?
- During the fire the temperature reached 42.9 °C, humidity dropped to 11 % and gusts hit 47 km/h. The fire danger index (FWI) reached 58, class Extreme.
- Where does this data come from?
- From the GWIS (Copernicus) burnt perimeter, NASA FIRMS VIIRS hotspots and the administrative boundaries of Mozambique (geoBoundaries). It is not an official report.
Where to verify it
A satellite detection is not an official report. Final figures and the fire’s status are published by each country’s emergency service.
Satellite cross-check
History of this page · 2 Changes in area, dates, name, official record or merged pages, compared every night since 24 October 2026.
- Last day with fire: 15 October 2023 → 16 October 2023.
- Start date: 22 September 2023 → 16 September 2023.
Does something look wrong on this page?
This page is built from satellite data and official records, and it sometimes gets things wrong: the wrong dates, the wrong town, two fires merged into one, or something that was not a wildfire at all. If you know this fire first-hand (you live nearby, saw it, fought it or reported on it), tell us what really happened and we will check it.
Report an error
How we know this
- Perimeter: GWIS (Copernicus), rebuilt from heat detections rather than mapped on imagery; 4 polygons grouped in this page.
- Dates adjusted with the VIIRS detections inside the perimeter, which said 22 September 2023 to 15 October 2023. 1,049 Suomi-NPP VIIRS detections on those dates.
- We have not matched this page with any official record.
- Weather: Copernicus ERA5 reanalysis at the fire location, in cells of about 25 km.
- Built-up area and population come from the JRC Global Human Settlement Layer (epoch 2025, 100 m cells), summed inside the perimeter: an estimate of what was there, not a damage count.
Where this data comes from
The perimeter comes from the Copernicus Global Wildfire Information System (GWIS), which rebuilds it from MODIS and VIIRS heat detections and publishes it under CC BY 4.0. It is not measured on imagery as in Europe, so it is an estimate. Heat detections come from the VIIRS sensors aboard Suomi-NPP and NOAA-20, distributed by NASA FIRMS at 375 m resolution. Municipal boundaries come from geoBoundaries ADM2 (Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Intergovernmental Organisations (CC BY 3.0 IGO)). The area per municipality is computed by WorldFires by crossing the perimeter with those boundaries, so it may differ from each country’s official figure.