Lugela fire, 28 September 2023 Lugela
The fire started on 28 September 2023 in Lugela, Mozambique, and satellites saw it burning for 19 days. Copernicus’s global GWIS system rebuilt a burnt perimeter of 9,839 hectares from heat detections, spread across a single municipality.
It is the 162th largest in Zambézia since 2016 (of 841 with a page). Number 18 in Mozambique in 2023, of 128.
Compare with…
- Burnt area
- 9,839ha
- GWIS perimeter (Copernicus)
- Duration
- 19days
- 28 Sept 2023 – 16 Oct 2023
- Municipalities hit
- 1
- districts
- Started on
- 28 Sept
- 2023
- Heat detections
- 716
- in a single hotspot: 149 MW
- Danger at start
- 26
- High · FWI index
- Average daily power
- 479MW
- detected power per day, on average
Where it burned
How it evolved, day by day
Fire radiative power detected each day, in megawatts, and number of hotspots. The magenta bar marks the peak day.
The weather it burned in
It had gone 13 days without rain (1 mm or more) when it started. Rain came after the fire: 8.0 mm on 17 Oct.
This area had burned before
100% of the perimeter overlaps earlier fires recorded since 2016: 7,433 ha in 2016, 5,641 ha in 2017, 4,297 ha in 2018, 5,982 ha in 2019, 7,009 ha in 2020, 4,077 ha in 2021, 7,929 ha in 2022. Part of it burned more than once, so the yearly figures add up to more than the 9,879 ha that had burned before.
- 7,768 ha Lugela fire, September 2022 173,378 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 6,464 ha Milange fire, September 2016 99,267 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 4,657 ha Lugela fire, September 2017 31,184 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 3,731 ha Lugela fire, September 2020 25,003 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 3,322 ha Lugela fire, September 2019 13,589 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 2,634 ha Lugela fire, October 2021 3,926 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 2,460 ha Lugela fire, September 2019 5,844 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 1,539 ha Lugela fire, September 2020 111,849 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
How big is it?
London boundary: geoBoundaries · Office for National Statistics (Open Government Licence v3.0).
Paris boundary: geoBoundaries · Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière (IGN-F) (Etalab Open License 2.0).
Madrid boundary: geoBoundaries · Open Data ESRI, IGN Central Registry of Cartography Area (CC BY 4.0).
Berlin boundary: geoBoundaries · Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy (dl-de/by-2-0).
This compares size, not location: both shapes are at the same scale, north up, centred on each other.
What happened to each town
-
Lugela where it started9,887 ha reached on 28 Sept1.6 %
Burnt area inside each municipality, from crossing the GWIS perimeter with administrative boundaries. The distance runs from the point marking the centre of each area to the nearest fire: staying a kilometre away does not mean it reached the houses.
People and buildings inside the perimeter
GHSL 2025Inside the perimeter there were about 4.3 hectares of built-up land and about 2,300 residents (GHSL 2025, satellite-based estimate).
This is an estimate on 100 m cells, made from satellite imagery and census data: it does not mean that homes burned or that anyone was harmed. The perimeter also contains land that never burned. The GHSL 2025 epoch is a projection made from 2020 and earlier data.
Source: Global Human Settlement Layer (GHS-BUILT-S and GHS-POP R2023A), European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), © European Union, CC BY 4.0. Sum inside the perimeter computed by WorldFires. human-settlement.emergency.copernicus.eu
The weather day by day
ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis at the fire location, the standard reference for past weather, and the Canadian Fire Weather Index (the same system Copernicus uses), computed by WorldFires from that data. Days after the fire run until the first rain.
Open-Meteo.com (CC BY 4.0) · Copernicus Climate Change Service (ERA5)
| Day | High | Min. humidity | Peak gust | Rain | Danger (FWI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 28 Sept | 31.7 °C | 33 % | 30 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 26 |
| 29 Sept | 31.6 °C | 32 % | 32 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 27 |
| 30 Sept | 33.5 °C | 26 % | 27 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 27 |
| 1 Oct | 36.1 °C | 21 % | 35 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 34 |
| 2 Oct | 29.9 °C | 41 % | 43 km/h | 2.5 mm | Moderate 12 |
| 3 Oct | 23.1 °C | 62 % | 36 km/h | 13.5 mm | Very low 1 |
| 4 Oct | 28.4 °C | 39 % | 29 km/h | 0.0 mm | Low 6 |
| 5 Oct | 30.9 °C | 34 % | 32 km/h | 0.0 mm | Moderate 15 |
| 6 Oct | 33.6 °C | 26 % | 30 km/h | 0.0 mm | Moderate 21 |
| 7 Oct | 34.8 °C | 24 % | 32 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 24 |
| 8 Oct | 36.0 °C | 25 % | 37 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 27 |
| 9 Oct | 32.4 °C | 35 % | 34 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 25 |
| 10 Oct | 32.6 °C | 30 % | 34 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 26 |
| 11 Oct | 33.2 °C | 28 % | 34 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 26 |
| 12 Oct | 35.0 °C | 27 % | 29 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 25 |
| 13 Oct | 37.8 °C | 20 % | 35 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 33 |
| 14 Oct | 38.1 °C | 18 % | 43 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 39 |
| 15 Oct | 32.7 °C | 39 % | 40 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 31 |
| 16 Oct | 34.4 °C | 36 % | 36 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 30 |
| 17 Oct after | 32.6 °C | 39 % | 37 km/h | 8.0 mm | Low 6 |
Before and after, from space
Drag the line to compare the same ground before the fire and after it.
If the day is cloudy, change the date: each satellite passes once a day. In false colour the burnt ground looks brown or red.
The smoke
CAMS · CopernicusOn 9 October 2023 the air beside the fire reached 58 µg/m³ of PM2.5. That day averaged 30: 2.0 times the WHO daily guideline (15).
Particles from the Copernicus CAMS model at the centre of the perimeter; these are not measurements in each town. The pale bar is the worst hour, the solid one the daily average.
Open-Meteo.com (CC BY 4.0) · Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS)
Detections table · 716Every satellite heat detection, one by one, with time, satellite, power and coordinates.
| Date and time | Satellite | FRP (MW) | Lat | Lon |
|---|
Other fires nearby
- 188,911 haLugela27 August 2025 · 77 days · 20 km away
- 92,234 haLugela 5 October 2026 · 21 days · 20 km away
- 57,746 haLugela 5 October 2026 · 21 days · 27 km away
- 173,378 haLugelaSeptember 2022 · 48 days · 32 km away
- 77,917 haNamarrói5 September 2016 · 51 days · 32 km away
- 74,073 haLugela10 August 2026 · 36 days · 32 km away
Frequently asked questions
- How long did the Lugela fire last?
- According to the heat detections seen by satellite inside the perimeter, it burned from 28 September 2023 to 16 October 2023 (19 days). The perimeter dates it from 4 October 2023 to 14 October 2023.
- How much area did it burn?
- The perimeter GWIS (Copernicus) rebuilt from heat detections is 9,839 hectares (98.4 km²). It is an estimate: official national figures may differ.
- Which municipalities burned?
- The fire only entered Lugela (9,887 ha, 1.6 %).
- What was the weather like?
- During the fire the temperature reached 38.1 °C, humidity dropped to 18 % and gusts hit 43 km/h. The fire danger index (FWI) reached 39, class Very high.
- Where does this data come from?
- From the GWIS (Copernicus) burnt perimeter, NASA FIRMS VIIRS hotspots and the administrative boundaries of Mozambique (geoBoundaries). It is not an official report.
Where to verify it
A satellite detection is not an official report. Final figures and the fire’s status are published by each country’s emergency service.
Satellite cross-check
History of this page · 2 Changes in area, dates, name, official record or merged pages, compared every night since 24 October 2026.
- Last day with fire: 14 October 2023 → 16 October 2023.
- Start date: 4 October 2023 → 28 September 2023.
Does something look wrong on this page?
This page is built from satellite data and official records, and it sometimes gets things wrong: the wrong dates, the wrong town, two fires merged into one, or something that was not a wildfire at all. If you know this fire first-hand (you live nearby, saw it, fought it or reported on it), tell us what really happened and we will check it.
Report an error
How we know this
- Perimeter: GWIS (Copernicus), rebuilt from heat detections rather than mapped on imagery.
- Dates adjusted with the VIIRS detections inside the perimeter, which said 4 October 2023 to 14 October 2023. 716 Suomi-NPP VIIRS detections on those dates.
- We have not matched this page with any official record.
- Weather: Copernicus ERA5 reanalysis at the fire location, in cells of about 25 km.
- Built-up area and population come from the JRC Global Human Settlement Layer (epoch 2025, 100 m cells), summed inside the perimeter: an estimate of what was there, not a damage count.
Where this data comes from
The perimeter comes from the Copernicus Global Wildfire Information System (GWIS), which rebuilds it from MODIS and VIIRS heat detections and publishes it under CC BY 4.0. It is not measured on imagery as in Europe, so it is an estimate. Heat detections come from the VIIRS sensors aboard Suomi-NPP and NOAA-20, distributed by NASA FIRMS at 375 m resolution. Municipal boundaries come from geoBoundaries ADM2 (Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Intergovernmental Organisations (CC BY 3.0 IGO)). The area per municipality is computed by WorldFires by crossing the perimeter with those boundaries, so it may differ from each country’s official figure.