Burned area
satellite only2,425ha
Perimeter published by GWIS (Copernicus).
- Source
- GWIS (Copernicus)
- Date
- 10 Jan 2023 – 26 Jan 2023
+− cross-check
No official record is matched to this page to compare it with.
NG · Nigeria · –
Birnin Gwari fire, 10 January 2023 Birnin Gwari, Rafi
Out · last detection 26 Jan 2023, 13:21 UTC
The fire started on 10 January 2023 in Birnin Gwari, Nigeria, and satellites saw it burning for 17 days. Copernicus’s global GWIS system rebuilt a burnt perimeter of 2,425 hectares from heat detections, spread across 2 municipalities.
It is the 40th largest in Kaduna since 2016 (of 68 with a page). Number 109 in Nigeria in 2023, of 161.
The power measured by the satellite is low (27.8 MW in the strongest hotspot), more typical of grass or stubble burning, or a slow surface fire, than of a large crown fire.
Use this data
Compare with…
Use this data
Fire page data · version 2026-10-27matches the official recordwith caveatssatellite onlymodel
When copying, the sentence is
Tick the figures you want: they make up the lede and the CSV.
Duration by satellite
satellite only17days
10 Jan 2023 to 26 Jan 2023: first and last day with fire on the page.
- Source
- GWIS (Copernicus) · NASA FIRMS · VIIRS
- Date
- last detection: 26 Jan 2023, 13:21 UTC
+− cross-check
Satellites pass a few times a day and cloud or smoke can hide the fire: a lack of detections is not an official extinction. Each country’s emergency service declares a fire contained or out.
Start
satellite only10 Jan 2023
First day with fire seen by the satellites or the perimeter.
- Source
- GWIS (Copernicus) · NASA FIRMS · VIIRS
- Date
- 10 Jan 2023
+− cross-check
No official record is matched to this page, so the alert time and the cause are not known here.
Hotspots
satellite only86
VIIRS detections at 375 m. Most intense hotspot: 28 MW.
- Source
- NASA FIRMS · VIIRS (Suomi NPP)
- Date
- 10 Jan 2023 – 26 Jan 2023
+− cross-check
There is no official record to compare with. Each hotspot is a pixel detected in one satellite pass, not a separate fire.
The worst day
satellite only290MW
Total radiative power on 14 January 2023; hotspots that day: 27.
- Source
- NASA FIRMS · VIIRS (FRP)
- Date
- 14 Jan 2023
+− cross-check
Fire radiative power (FRP) measures the energy the fire gives off when the satellite passes. Added up by day, it compares intensity, not area.
Danger at the start
model52.8FWI · extreme
Fire Weather Index (Canadian system) computed by WorldFires for the day the fire started. Consecutive days without rain before: 60.
- Source
- WorldFires calculation (Canadian FWI system)
- Date
- 10 Jan 2023, local noon
- Model
- ERA5 0,25° (ECMWF · Copernicus C3S) · Open-Meteo.com
+− cross-check
This is an index computed from weather model data, not a measurement of the fire nor an official warning. Danger warnings are issued by each country’s authority. Emergency number and official warnings
Weather during the fire
model37.4°C · 15% RH
High of 37.4 °C and minimum humidity of 15% on 25 January 2023; gusts of 42 km/h on 10 January 2023.
- Source
- weather model at the fire’s grid cell
- Date
- 10 Jan 2023 – 26 Jan 2023
- Model
- ERA5 0,25° (ECMWF · Copernicus C3S) · Open-Meteo.com
+− cross-check
These are model values for a cell of about 25 km, not from a weather station: they may differ from what was measured on the ground.
Living inside
model≈ 500people
Estimated residents inside the perimeter and 2.6 ha of built-up area (100 m grid, epoch 2025).
- Source
- GHSL R2023A · JRC
- Date
- calculated on 24 October 2026
+− cross-check
This is an estimate on 100 m cells, made from satellite imagery and census data: it does not mean that homes burned or that anyone was harmed. The perimeter also contains land that never burned.
This page’s change log has been kept since 24 October 2026: every night what it publishes is compared and the difference is logged. Anything earlier is reconstructed from each source’s date and marked as reconstructed.
Show
-
· reconstructed weatherWeather and FWI computed from the ERA5 reanalysis
-
logLast day with fire: 19 January 2023 → 26 January 2023.
-
logStart date: 12 January 2023 → 10 January 2023.
-
· reconstructed GHSLPopulation and built-up area computed
What was saved on 27 October 2026
Every night a snapshot of what the page shows is saved. If anything changes, it appears in the list as a log entry.
- Area
- 2,425 ha
- Dates
- 10 Jan 2023 – 26 Jan 2023
- Name
- Birnin Gwari
- Official record
- —
Versioned permanent link
https://worldfires.org/en/fire/birnin-gwari-2023-01-2?v=2026-10-27A version keeps the area, dates, name and official record; the area as it was logged (changes under 2% are not logged). The map, hotspots and weather always show today’s data.
Citation
A lede of about 60 words figures only, no adjectives
CSV for this fire birnin-gwari-2023-01-2.csv · daily, no individual hotspots
| fecha | focos_viirs | frp_mw | tmax_c | tmin_c | hr_min_pct | viento_max_kmh | racha_max_kmh | precip_mm | fwi | clase_fwi | dentro_del_incendio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2023-01-10 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 19.9 | 19 | 20 | 42.1 | 0 | 52.8 | extremo | 1 |
| 2023-01-11 | 0 | 0 | 32 | 19.6 | 20 | 18 | 37.4 | 0 | 50.6 | extremo | 1 |
| 2023-01-12 | 5 | 23 | 32.9 | 19.6 | 20 | 17.1 | 35.3 | 0 | 49.9 | muy_alto | 1 |
| 2023-01-13 | 2 | 13 | 33.3 | 19.3 | 19 | 16.5 | 34.6 | 0 | 49.5 | muy_alto | 1 |
| 2023-01-14 | 27 | 290 | 33.7 | 19.7 | 15 | 18.5 | 37.8 | 0 | 52.1 | extremo | 1 |
| 2023-01-15 | 16 | 72 | 33.1 | 20.2 | 18 | 18.7 | 38.2 | 0 | 52.6 | extremo | 1 |
| 2023-01-16 | 4 | 23 | 33 | 19.9 | 17 | 18.4 | 38.2 | 0 | 52.5 | extremo | 1 |
| 2023-01-17 | 19 | 167 | 33.3 | 20.6 | 17 | 18.7 | 38.9 | 0 | 53.2 | extremo | 1 |
| 2023-01-18 | 7 | 33 | 34 | 20 | 19 | 16.4 | 33.8 | 0 | 50.7 | extremo | 1 |
| 2023-01-19 | 2 | 2 | 35 | 19.9 | 20 | 13.1 | 27 | 0 | 47.3 | muy_alto | 1 |
| 2023-01-20 | 0 | 0 | 35.5 | 21.3 | 19 | 14.1 | 31 | 0 | 48.6 | muy_alto | 1 |
| 2023-01-21 | 1 | 4 | 35.7 | 21.9 | 20 | 14.4 | 30.6 | 0 | 49.2 | muy_alto | 1 |
| 2023-01-22 | 1 | 5 | 35.7 | 21.8 | 19 | 13 | 25.9 | 0 | 47.9 | muy_alto | 1 |
| 2023-01-23 | 0 | 0 | 36.4 | 19.6 | 20 | 11.1 | 25.6 | 0 | 46.1 | muy_alto | 1 |
| 2023-01-24 | 1 | 2 | 36.8 | 21.6 | 20 | 13.3 | 27.7 | 0 | 48.7 | muy_alto | 1 |
| 2023-01-25 | 0 | 0 | 37.4 | 21.7 | 15 | 13.6 | 27.4 | 0 | 49.3 | muy_alto | 1 |
| 2023-01-26 | 1 | 7 | 36.9 | 21.8 | 15 | 12 | 25.6 | 0 | 47.7 | muy_alto | 1 |
| 2023-01-27 | 0 | 0 | 37.1 | 21.6 | 20 | 11 | 24.1 | 0 | 46.9 | muy_alto | 0 |
| 2023-01-28 | 0 | 0 | 35.1 | 20.4 | 31 | 11.5 | 30.2 | 0 | 39.7 | muy_alto | 0 |
| 2023-01-29 | 0 | 0 | 35.5 | 23.3 | 14 | 10.6 | 16.6 | 0 | 44.3 | muy_alto | 0 |
| 2023-01-30 | 0 | 0 | 36.1 | 21.1 | 13 | 12 | 27.7 | 0 | 47.5 | muy_alto | 0 |
| 2023-01-31 | 0 | 0 | 37.9 | 22.1 | 13 | 11.5 | 24.8 | 0 | 48.3 | muy_alto | 0 |
| 2023-02-01 | 0 | 0 | 37.6 | 22.5 | 13 | 15.7 | 33.8 | 0 | 53.4 | extremo | 0 |
| 2023-02-02 | 0 | 0 | 36.1 | 23.5 | 16 | 15.8 | 33.5 | 0 | 53.8 | extremo | 0 |
| 2023-02-03 | 0 | 0 | 37.7 | 22.7 | 17 | 14.3 | 29.5 | 0 | 52.2 | extremo | 0 |
| 2023-02-04 | 0 | 0 | 38.7 | 23.1 | 15 | 15.8 | 29.5 | 0 | 54.3 | extremo | 0 |
| 2023-02-05 | 0 | 0 | 38.7 | 24.2 | 14 | 14.8 | 28.1 | 0 | 53.3 | extremo | 0 |
It is generated in your browser from this page’s data: one file per fire, aggregated by day and without individual hotspots.
Live widget for your story
It updates itself while the fire is still active and links to this page. Free, with the attribution shown at the bottom.
Sources for this page: GWIS (Copernicus), NASA FIRMS (VIIRS), ERA5 (ECMWF/Copernicus C3S) · Open-Meteo.com (CC BY 4.0), GHSL (JRC). Open-Meteo.com · How we build fire pages: methodology
- Burnt area
- 2,425ha
- GWIS perimeter (Copernicus)
- Duration
- 17days
- 10 Jan 2023 – 26 Jan 2023
- Municipalities hit
- 2
- local government areas
- Started on
- 10 Jan
- 2023
- Heat detections
- 86
- in a single hotspot: 28 MW
- Danger at start
- 53
- Extreme · FWI index
- Average daily power
- 54MW
- detected power per day, on average
Where it burned
HOTSPOTS BY DAY
10 Jan26 Jan
26 Jan 2023
How it evolved, day by day
14 Jan
18 Jan
22 Jan
Fire radiative power detected each day, in megawatts, and number of hotspots. The magenta bar marks the peak day.
The weather it burned in
37°high
42km/h · peak gust
15%lowest humidity
It had gone more than two months without rain (1 mm or more) when it started.
This area had burned before
97% of the perimeter overlaps earlier fires recorded since 2016: 172 ha in 2019, 1,650 ha in 2021, 2,232 ha in 2022. Part of it burned more than once, so the yearly figures add up to more than the 2,346 ha that had burned before.
- 1,650 ha Birnin Gwari fire, January 2021 15,115 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 1,484 ha Birnin Gwari fire, January 2022 38,177 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 18 ha Rafi fire, December 2022 3,203 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
How big is it?
London boundary: geoBoundaries · Office for National Statistics (Open Government Licence v3.0).
Paris boundary: geoBoundaries · Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière (IGN-F) (Etalab Open License 2.0).
Madrid boundary: geoBoundaries · Open Data ESRI, IGN Central Registry of Cartography Area (CC BY 4.0).
Berlin boundary: geoBoundaries · Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy (dl-de/by-2-0).
This compares size, not location: both shapes are at the same scale, north up, centred on each other.
What happened to each town
-
Birnin Gwari where it started2,332 ha reached on 12 Jan0.4 %
-
105 ha reached on 12 Jan0.0 %
Burnt area inside each municipality, from crossing the GWIS perimeter with administrative boundaries. The distance runs from the point marking the centre of each area to the nearest fire: staying a kilometre away does not mean it reached the houses.
People and buildings inside the perimeter
GHSL 2025Built-up area2.6 ha
Residents≈ 500
Inside the perimeter there were about 2.6 hectares of built-up land and about 500 residents (GHSL 2025, satellite-based estimate).
This is an estimate on 100 m cells, made from satellite imagery and census data: it does not mean that homes burned or that anyone was harmed. The perimeter also contains land that never burned. The GHSL 2025 epoch is a projection made from 2020 and earlier data.
Source: Global Human Settlement Layer (GHS-BUILT-S and GHS-POP R2023A), European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), © European Union, CC BY 4.0. Sum inside the perimeter computed by WorldFires. human-settlement.emergency.copernicus.eu
The weather day by day
ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis at the fire location, the standard reference for past weather, and the Canadian Fire Weather Index (the same system Copernicus uses), computed by WorldFires from that data. Days after the fire run until the first rain.
Open-Meteo.com (CC BY 4.0) · Copernicus Climate Change Service (ERA5)
Started with 60 days without rain: 42 % of the area in Nigeria
| Day | High | Min. humidity | Peak gust | Rain | Danger (FWI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 Jan | 33.0 °C | 19 % | 42 km/h | 0.0 mm | Extreme 53 |
| 11 Jan | 32.0 °C | 20 % | 37 km/h | 0.0 mm | Extreme 51 |
| 12 Jan | 32.9 °C | 20 % | 35 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 50 |
| 13 Jan | 33.3 °C | 19 % | 35 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 50 |
| 14 Jan | 33.7 °C | 15 % | 38 km/h | 0.0 mm | Extreme 52 |
| 15 Jan | 33.1 °C | 18 % | 38 km/h | 0.0 mm | Extreme 53 |
| 16 Jan | 33.0 °C | 17 % | 38 km/h | 0.0 mm | Extreme 52 |
| 17 Jan | 33.3 °C | 17 % | 39 km/h | 0.0 mm | Extreme 53 |
| 18 Jan | 34.0 °C | 19 % | 34 km/h | 0.0 mm | Extreme 51 |
| 19 Jan | 35.0 °C | 20 % | 27 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 47 |
| 20 Jan | 35.5 °C | 19 % | 31 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 49 |
| 21 Jan | 35.7 °C | 20 % | 31 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 49 |
| 22 Jan | 35.7 °C | 19 % | 26 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 48 |
| 23 Jan | 36.4 °C | 20 % | 26 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 46 |
| 24 Jan | 36.8 °C | 20 % | 28 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 49 |
| 25 Jan | 37.4 °C | 15 % | 27 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 49 |
| 26 Jan | 36.9 °C | 15 % | 26 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 48 |
| 27 Jan after | 37.1 °C | 20 % | 24 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 47 |
| 28 Jan after | 35.1 °C | 31 % | 30 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 40 |
| 29 Jan after | 35.5 °C | 14 % | 17 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 44 |
| 30 Jan after | 36.1 °C | 13 % | 28 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 48 |
| 31 Jan after | 37.9 °C | 13 % | 25 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 48 |
| 1 Feb after | 37.6 °C | 13 % | 34 km/h | 0.0 mm | Extreme 53 |
| 2 Feb after | 36.1 °C | 16 % | 34 km/h | 0.0 mm | Extreme 54 |
| 3 Feb after | 37.7 °C | 17 % | 30 km/h | 0.0 mm | Extreme 52 |
| 4 Feb after | 38.7 °C | 15 % | 30 km/h | 0.0 mm | Extreme 54 |
| 5 Feb after | 38.7 °C | 14 % | 28 km/h | 0.0 mm | Extreme 53 |
Its twins: fires that started in the same weather
It started with an FWI of 52.8, a minimum humidity of 19% and more than two months without rain. Fires in the area that started in weather like this since 2016: 26.
FWI at the start
52.8
Minimum humidity
19 %
Days without rain
60+
this fire
chosen twins
rest of the area
Almost identicalSimilar
Outlines of the closest twins
This fire · Birnin Gwari fire, 10 January 2023
2,425 ha
17 days
FWI 52.8
Min. humidity 19 %
Mariga fire, January 2025
4,004 ha
10 days
FWI 52.7
Min. humidity 19 %
83 km away, in 2025
First rain (1 mm or more) after it ended: none in the following ten days.
Birnin Gwari fire, January 2020
2,631 ha
15 days
FWI 51.1
Min. humidity 19 %
18 km away, in 2020
First rain (1 mm or more) after it ended: none in the following ten days.
Wasagu-Danko fire, December 2017
4,538 ha
16 days
FWI 51.9
Min. humidity 19 %
105 km away, in 2017
First rain (1 mm or more) after it ended: none in the following ten days.
Birnin Gwari fire, January 2022
38,177 ha
44 days
FWI 51.2
Min. humidity 20 %
24 km away, in 2022
First rain (1 mm or more) after it ended: none in the following ten days.
Mariga fire, January 2025
3,006 ha
13 days
FWI 52.1
Min. humidity 18 %
88 km away, in 2025
First rain (1 mm or more) after it ended: none in the following ten days.
What happened to them
- 16 days
- median duration
- 3,011 ha
- median area
- 100 %
- went past 1,000 ha
- —
- rain at the end (median; 0 of 26 had it)
It burned an area similar to its twins (2,425 ha against a median of 3,011 ha) and lasted 17 days, against 16 days.
In none of them did 1 mm fall in the ten days after the end: they all went out without rain.
This is a bank of analogues: it shows what usually happens, not what will happen. With fewer than 15 twins we give no figures. How we calculate it
How it ended
—first rain
—no rain in ten days
42km/h · max. gust
It was considered over on 26 Jan, and not even 1 mm fell in the following ten days: it went out without rain. None of its 26 twins had rain when they ended.
Weather on this page: Open-Meteo.com (CC BY 4.0) · Copernicus Climate Change Service (ERA5)
How a twin is chosen
- Same area: fires that have already ended, less than 250 km from this one, since 2016.
- Same start: we compare the FWI on the first day, the minimum humidity that day and the run of days without rain before it. The slider sets how much they may differ.
- Only pages with final weather data (ERA5 reanalysis) calculated in the same way as this fire’s; agricultural and grass burns and pages with data under review are left out.
- Fires burning at the same time as this one (a week before or after) are left out: they share the same spell of weather and do not count as a precedent.
- They are sorted by similarity, and the outlines of the first five are drawn.
Before and after, from space
Drag the line to compare the same ground before the fire and after it.
↔
Before · 3 Jan 2023
After · 2 Feb 2023
Sentinel-2 did not pass over on that day. Try another date, or use false colour, which is daily.
If the day is cloudy, change the date: each satellite passes once a day. In false colour the burnt ground looks brown or red.
The smoke
CAMS · CopernicusOn 11 January 2023 the air beside the fire reached 74 µg/m³ of PM2.5. That day averaged 48: 3.2 times the WHO daily guideline (15).
PM2.5 peak74 µg/m³
Days over the guideline13 days
PM10127 µg/m³
Optical depth0.62
WHO 15
10 Jan13 Jan16 Jan19 Jan22 Jan
Good
Fair
Moderate
Poor
Very poor
Extremely poor
Particles from the Copernicus CAMS model at the centre of the perimeter; these are not measurements in each town. The pale bar is the worst hour, the solid one the daily average.
Open-Meteo.com (CC BY 4.0) · Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS)
Detections table · 86Every satellite heat detection, one by one, with time, satellite, power and coordinates.
⬇ Download CSV
Times in UTC. Each detection is a 375 m pixel: a large fire yields hundreds per pass.
| Date and time | Satellite | FRP (MW) | Lat | Lon |
|---|
Other fires nearby
Frequently asked questions
- How long did the Birnin Gwari fire last?
- According to the heat detections seen by satellite inside the perimeter, it burned from 10 January 2023 to 26 January 2023 (17 days). The perimeter dates it from 12 January 2023 to 19 January 2023.
- How much area did it burn?
- The perimeter GWIS (Copernicus) rebuilt from heat detections is 2,425 hectares (24.2 km²). It is an estimate: official national figures may differ.
- Which municipalities burned?
- The fire entered 2 municipalities: Birnin Gwari (2,332 ha, 0.4 %); Rafi (105 ha, 0.0 %).
- What was the weather like?
- During the fire the temperature reached 37.4 °C, humidity dropped to 15 % and gusts hit 42 km/h. The fire danger index (FWI) reached 53, class Extreme.
- Where does this data come from?
- From the GWIS (Copernicus) burnt perimeter, NASA FIRMS VIIRS hotspots and the administrative boundaries of Nigeria (geoBoundaries). It is not an official report.
- How did the fires that started in similar weather in this area end?
- Fires less than 250 km away that started since 2016 with a similar FWI, humidity and dry spell: 26. Their median duration was 16 days and their median area 3,011 ha; 100 % went past 1,000 ha. In none of them did 1 mm fall in the ten days after the end: they all went out without rain.
Where to verify it
A satellite detection is not an official report. Final figures and the fire’s status are published by each country’s emergency service.
Emergency number: 112 · Emergency number and official warnings
Satellite cross-check
History of this page · 2 Changes in area, dates, name, official record or merged pages, compared every night since 24 October 2026.
- Last day with fire: 19 January 2023 → 26 January 2023.
- Start date: 12 January 2023 → 10 January 2023.
RSS Changes to this page With cross-checks and a citable version
Does something look wrong on this page?
This page is built from satellite data and official records, and it sometimes gets things wrong: the wrong dates, the wrong town, two fires merged into one, or something that was not a wildfire at all. If you know this fire first-hand (you live nearby, saw it, fought it or reported on it), tell us what really happened and we will check it.
Report an error
How we know this
- Perimeter: GWIS (Copernicus), rebuilt from heat detections rather than mapped on imagery.
- Dates adjusted with the VIIRS detections inside the perimeter, which said 12 January 2023 to 19 January 2023. 86 Suomi-NPP VIIRS detections on those dates.
- We have not matched this page with any official record.
- Weather: Copernicus ERA5 reanalysis at the fire location, in cells of about 25 km.
- Built-up area and population come from the JRC Global Human Settlement Layer (epoch 2025, 100 m cells), summed inside the perimeter: an estimate of what was there, not a damage count.
Where this data comes from
The perimeter comes from the Copernicus Global Wildfire Information System (GWIS), which rebuilds it from MODIS and VIIRS heat detections and publishes it under CC BY 4.0. It is not measured on imagery as in Europe, so it is an estimate. Heat detections come from the VIIRS sensors aboard Suomi-NPP and NOAA-20, distributed by NASA FIRMS at 375 m resolution. Municipal boundaries come from geoBoundaries ADM2 (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)). The area per municipality is computed by WorldFires by crossing the perimeter with those boundaries, so it may differ from each country’s official figure.