Toliary-II fire, September 2023 Toliary-II
The fire started on 28 September 2023 in Toliary-II, Madagascar, and satellites saw it burning for 16 days. Copernicus’s global GWIS system rebuilt a burnt perimeter of 12,385 hectares from heat detections, spread across a single municipality.
It is the 6th largest in Atsimo-Andrefana since 2016 (of 46 with a page). Number 2 in Madagascar in 2023, of 32.
Compare with…
- Burnt area
- 12,385ha
- GWIS perimeter (Copernicus)
- Duration
- 16days
- 28 Sept 2023 – 13 Oct 2023
- Municipalities hit
- 1
- districts
- Started on
- 28 Sept
- 2023
- Heat detections
- 896
- in a single hotspot: 126 MW
- Danger at start
- 41
- Very high · FWI index
- Average daily power
- 742MW
- detected power per day, on average
Where it burned
How it evolved, day by day
Fire radiative power detected each day, in megawatts, and number of hotspots. The magenta bar marks the peak day.
The weather it burned in
It had gone more than two months without rain (1 mm or more) when it started. Rain came after the fire: 1.0 mm on 17 Oct.
This area had burned before
98% of the perimeter overlaps earlier fires recorded since 2016: 3,239 ha in 2016, 10,015 ha in 2017, 7,343 ha in 2018, 11,017 ha in 2019, 13,067 ha in 2020, 10,590 ha in 2021, 5,108 ha in 2022. Part of it burned more than once, so the yearly figures add up to more than the 12,103 ha that had burned before.
- 11,666 ha Toliary-II fire, September 2020 20,892 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 9,104 ha Toliary-II fire, October 2021 14,910 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 8,965 ha Toliary-II fire, October 2019 14,445 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 8,579 ha Toliary-II fire, October 2017 23,015 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 7,343 ha Toliary-II fire, September 2018 13,011 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 1,901 ha Toliary-II fire, October 2022 2,638 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 1,426 ha Toliary-II fire, September 2017 3,277 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 1,085 ha Toliary-II fire, October 2016 7,724 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
How big is it?
London boundary: geoBoundaries · Office for National Statistics (Open Government Licence v3.0).
Paris boundary: geoBoundaries · Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière (IGN-F) (Etalab Open License 2.0).
Madrid boundary: geoBoundaries · Open Data ESRI, IGN Central Registry of Cartography Area (CC BY 4.0).
Berlin boundary: geoBoundaries · Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy (dl-de/by-2-0).
This compares size, not location: both shapes are at the same scale, north up, centred on each other.
What happened to each town
-
Toliary-II where it started12,423 ha reached on 24 Sept1.3 %
Burnt area inside each municipality, from crossing the GWIS perimeter with administrative boundaries. The distance runs from the point marking the centre of each area to the nearest fire: staying a kilometre away does not mean it reached the houses.
People and buildings inside the perimeter
GHSL 2025Inside the perimeter there were about 0.69 hectares of built-up land and about 750 residents (GHSL 2025, satellite-based estimate).
This is an estimate on 100 m cells, made from satellite imagery and census data: it does not mean that homes burned or that anyone was harmed. The perimeter also contains land that never burned. The GHSL 2025 epoch is a projection made from 2020 and earlier data.
Source: Global Human Settlement Layer (GHS-BUILT-S and GHS-POP R2023A), European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), © European Union, CC BY 4.0. Sum inside the perimeter computed by WorldFires. human-settlement.emergency.copernicus.eu
The weather day by day
ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis at the fire location, the standard reference for past weather, and the Canadian Fire Weather Index (the same system Copernicus uses), computed by WorldFires from that data. Days after the fire run until the first rain.
Open-Meteo.com (CC BY 4.0) · Copernicus Climate Change Service (ERA5)
| Day | High | Min. humidity | Peak gust | Rain | Danger (FWI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 Sept | 34.1 °C | 26 % | 32 km/h | 0.6 mm | Very high 41 |
| 25 Sept | 32.6 °C | 19 % | 32 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 41 |
| 26 Sept | 33.9 °C | 21 % | 34 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 44 |
| 27 Sept | 33.0 °C | 25 % | 30 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 43 |
| 28 Sept | 33.5 °C | 24 % | 36 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 44 |
| 29 Sept | 32.0 °C | 23 % | 38 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 47 |
| 30 Sept | 33.7 °C | 27 % | 33 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 43 |
| 1 Oct | 33.4 °C | 25 % | 43 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 48 |
| 2 Oct | 25.7 °C | 60 % | 49 km/h | 1.5 mm | Moderate 16 |
| 3 Oct | 30.6 °C | 29 % | 44 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 35 |
| 4 Oct | 33.0 °C | 22 % | 34 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 40 |
| 5 Oct | 34.3 °C | 18 % | 31 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 43 |
| 6 Oct | 35.2 °C | 16 % | 34 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 47 |
| 7 Oct | 36.1 °C | 13 % | 35 km/h | 0.0 mm | Extreme 51 |
| 8 Oct | 34.3 °C | 28 % | 36 km/h | 0.2 mm | Very high 46 |
| 9 Oct | 34.6 °C | 17 % | 34 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 46 |
| 10 Oct | 35.3 °C | 22 % | 38 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 48 |
| 11 Oct | 35.2 °C | 22 % | 36 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 47 |
| 12 Oct | 35.7 °C | 22 % | 35 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 46 |
| 13 Oct | 35.5 °C | 22 % | 42 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 50 |
| 14 Oct after | 34.2 °C | 26 % | 45 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 49 |
| 15 Oct after | 30.7 °C | 43 % | 40 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 35 |
| 16 Oct after | 30.5 °C | 40 % | 37 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 33 |
| 17 Oct after | 30.6 °C | 38 % | 40 km/h | 1.0 mm | High 27 |
Before and after, from space
Drag the line to compare the same ground before the fire and after it.
If the day is cloudy, change the date: each satellite passes once a day. In false colour the burnt ground looks brown or red.
The smoke
CAMS · CopernicusOn 8 October 2023 the air beside the fire reached 31 µg/m³ of PM2.5. That day averaged 18: 1.2 times the WHO daily guideline (15).
Particles from the Copernicus CAMS model at the centre of the perimeter; these are not measurements in each town. The pale bar is the worst hour, the solid one the daily average.
Open-Meteo.com (CC BY 4.0) · Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS)
Detections table · 896Every satellite heat detection, one by one, with time, satellite, power and coordinates.
| Date and time | Satellite | FRP (MW) | Lat | Lon |
|---|
Other fires nearby
- 14,910 haToliary-II21 October 2021 · 20 days · 2 km away
- 13,011 haToliary-IISeptember 2018 · 14 days · 2 km away
- 14,445 haToliary-II14 October 2019 · 31 days · 5 km away
- 20,892 haToliary-IISeptember 2020 · 46 days · 6 km away
- 23,015 haToliary-II10 October 2017 · 30 days · 7 km away
- 12,274 haToliary-II17 October 2017 · 23 days · 16 km away
Frequently asked questions
- How long did the Toliary-II fire last?
- GWIS (Copernicus) dates it between 28 September 2023 and 13 October 2023: 16 days between the first and last heat detection of the perimeter.
- How much area did it burn?
- The perimeter GWIS (Copernicus) rebuilt from heat detections is 12,385 hectares (123.8 km²). It is an estimate: official national figures may differ.
- Which municipalities burned?
- The fire only entered Toliary-II (12,423 ha, 1.3 %).
- What was the weather like?
- During the fire the temperature reached 36.1 °C, humidity dropped to 13 % and gusts hit 49 km/h. The fire danger index (FWI) reached 51, class Extreme.
- Where does this data come from?
- From the GWIS (Copernicus) burnt perimeter, NASA FIRMS VIIRS hotspots and the administrative boundaries of Madagascar (geoBoundaries). It is not an official report.
Where to verify it
A satellite detection is not an official report. Final figures and the fire’s status are published by each country’s emergency service.
Satellite cross-check
History of this page Changes in area, dates, name, official record or merged pages, compared every night since 24 October 2026.
No changes since 24 October 2026.
Does something look wrong on this page?
This page is built from satellite data and official records, and it sometimes gets things wrong: the wrong dates, the wrong town, two fires merged into one, or something that was not a wildfire at all. If you know this fire first-hand (you live nearby, saw it, fought it or reported on it), tell us what really happened and we will check it.
Report an error
How we know this
- Perimeter: GWIS (Copernicus), rebuilt from heat detections rather than mapped on imagery.
- Dates from the perimeter: the VIIRS detections inside it did not change them. 896 Suomi-NPP VIIRS detections on those dates.
- We have not matched this page with any official record.
- Weather: Copernicus ERA5 reanalysis at the fire location, in cells of about 25 km.
- Built-up area and population come from the JRC Global Human Settlement Layer (epoch 2025, 100 m cells), summed inside the perimeter: an estimate of what was there, not a damage count.
Where this data comes from
The perimeter comes from the Copernicus Global Wildfire Information System (GWIS), which rebuilds it from MODIS and VIIRS heat detections and publishes it under CC BY 4.0. It is not measured on imagery as in Europe, so it is an estimate. Heat detections come from the VIIRS sensors aboard Suomi-NPP and NOAA-20, distributed by NASA FIRMS at 375 m resolution. Municipal boundaries come from geoBoundaries ADM2 (Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Intergovernmental Organisations (CC BY 3.0 IGO)). The area per municipality is computed by WorldFires by crossing the perimeter with those boundaries, so it may differ from each country’s official figure.