Mafa fire, 29 December 2025 Mafa
The fire started on 29 December 2025 in Mafa, Nigeria, and satellites saw it burning for 12 days. Copernicus’s global GWIS system rebuilt a burnt perimeter of 3,492 hectares from heat detections, spread across a single municipality.
It is the 138th largest in Borno since 2016 (of 457 with a page). Number 114 in Nigeria in 2025, of 294.
- Burnt area
- 3,492ha
- GWIS perimeter (Copernicus)
- Duration
- 12days
- 29 Dec 2025 – 9 Jan 2026
- Municipalities hit
- 1
- local government areas
- Started on
- 29 Dec
- 2025
- Heat detections
- 163
- in a single hotspot: 163 MW
- Danger at start
- 47
- Very high · FWI index
- Energy released
- 1.2GW
- sum of detected power
Where it burned
How it evolved, day by day
Fire radiative power detected each day, in megawatts, and number of hotspots. The magenta bar marks the peak day.
The weather it burned in
It had gone more than two months without rain (1 mm or more) when it started.
This area had burned before
95% of the perimeter overlaps earlier fires recorded since 2016: 1,467 ha in 2017, 2,198 ha in 2019, 2,309 ha in 2021, 2,429 ha in 2023. Part of it burned more than once, so the yearly figures add up to more than the 3,317 ha that had burned before.
- 1,467 ha Mafa fire, February 2017 12,460 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 767 ha Mafa fire, March 2021 3,287 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 439 ha Mafa fire, February 2023 2,071 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 263 ha Mafa fire, March 2019 4,032 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 144 ha Mafa fire, February 2021 2,110 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
- 64 ha Mafa fire, January 2023 10,469 ha in total; the hectares shown are those it shares with this fire
What happened to each town
-
Mafa where it started3,516 ha reached on 22 Dec1.0 %
Burnt area inside each municipality, from crossing the GWIS perimeter with administrative boundaries. The distance is from the town centre to the nearest fire: staying a kilometre away does not mean it reached the houses.
The weather day by day
ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis at the fire location, the standard reference for past weather, and the Canadian Fire Weather Index (the same system Copernicus uses), computed by WorldFires from that data. Days after the fire run until the first rain.
Open-Meteo.com (CC BY 4.0) · Copernicus Climate Change Service (ERA5)
| Day | High | Min. humidity | Peak gust | Rain | Danger (FWI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 29 Dec | 38.0 °C | 15 % | 28 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 47 |
| 30 Dec | 38.9 °C | 8 % | 26 km/h | 0.0 mm | Extreme 52 |
| 31 Dec | 37.6 °C | 14 % | 23 km/h | 0.0 mm | Extreme 51 |
| 1 Jan | 37.4 °C | 16 % | 23 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 50 |
| 2 Jan | 36.2 °C | 15 % | 36 km/h | 0.0 mm | Extreme 56 |
| 3 Jan | 35.2 °C | 17 % | 31 km/h | 0.0 mm | Extreme 51 |
| 4 Jan | 34.6 °C | 16 % | 32 km/h | 0.0 mm | Extreme 52 |
| 5 Jan | 34.4 °C | 13 % | 35 km/h | 0.0 mm | Extreme 55 |
| 6 Jan | 35.0 °C | 14 % | 29 km/h | 0.0 mm | Extreme 51 |
| 7 Jan | 36.2 °C | 14 % | 25 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 49 |
| 8 Jan | 35.1 °C | 11 % | 26 km/h | 0.0 mm | Extreme 53 |
| 9 Jan | 33.0 °C | 11 % | 36 km/h | 0.0 mm | Extreme 56 |
| 10 Jan after | 30.0 °C | 21 % | 32 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 46 |
| 11 Jan after | 32.0 °C | 17 % | 30 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 45 |
| 12 Jan after | 33.5 °C | 14 % | 27 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 44 |
| 13 Jan after | 32.2 °C | 15 % | 33 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 48 |
| 14 Jan after | 31.3 °C | 16 % | 37 km/h | 0.0 mm | Extreme 51 |
| 15 Jan after | 32.3 °C | 16 % | 30 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 47 |
| 16 Jan after | 35.1 °C | 13 % | 27 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 46 |
| 17 Jan after | 35.4 °C | 12 % | 25 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 46 |
| 18 Jan after | 36.3 °C | 12 % | 25 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 48 |
| 19 Jan after | 36.5 °C | 13 % | 20 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 48 |
Before and after, from space
Drag the line to compare the same ground before the fire and after it.
If the day is cloudy, change the date: each satellite passes once a day. In false colour the burnt ground looks brown or red.
The smoke
CAMS · CopernicusOn 10 January 2026 the air beside the fire reached 126 µg/m³ of PM2.5. That day averaged 108: 7.2 times the WHO daily guideline (15).
Particles from the Copernicus CAMS model at the centre of the perimeter; these are not measurements in each town. The pale bar is the worst hour, the solid one the daily average.
Open-Meteo.com (CC BY 4.0) · Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS)
Detections table · 163Every satellite heat detection, one by one, with time, satellite, power and coordinates.
| Date and time | Satellite | FRP (MW) | Lat | Lon |
|---|
Other fires nearby
Frequently asked questions
- How long did the Mafa fire last?
- GWIS (Copernicus) dates it between 29 December 2025 and 9 January 2026: 12 days between the first and last heat detection of the perimeter.
- How much area did it burn?
- The perimeter GWIS (Copernicus) rebuilt from heat detections is 3,492 hectares (34.9 km²). It is an estimate: official national figures may differ.
- Which municipalities burned?
- The fire only entered Mafa (3,516 ha, 1.0 %).
- What was the weather like?
- During the fire the temperature reached 38.9 °C, humidity dropped to 8 % and gusts hit 36 km/h. The fire danger index (FWI) reached 56, class Extreme.
- Where does this data come from?
- From the GWIS (Copernicus) burnt perimeter, NASA FIRMS VIIRS hotspots and the administrative boundaries of Nigeria (geoBoundaries). It is not an official report.
Where to verify it
A satellite detection is not an official report. Final figures and the fire’s status are published by each country’s emergency service.
Emergency number: 112
Satellite cross-check
Does something look wrong on this page?
This page is built from satellite data and official records, and it sometimes gets things wrong: the wrong dates, the wrong town, two fires merged into one, or something that was not a wildfire at all. If you know this fire first-hand (you live nearby, saw it, fought it or reported on it), tell us what really happened and we will check it.
Report an error
Where this data comes from
The perimeter comes from the Copernicus Global Wildfire Information System (GWIS), which rebuilds it from MODIS and VIIRS heat detections and publishes it under CC BY 4.0. It is not measured on imagery as in Europe, so it is an estimate. Heat detections come from the VIIRS sensors aboard Suomi-NPP and NOAA-20, distributed by NASA FIRMS at 375 m resolution. Municipal boundaries come from geoBoundaries ADM2 (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)). The area per municipality is computed by WorldFires by crossing the perimeter with those boundaries, so it may differ from each country’s official figure.