Burned area
satellite only6,443ha
Perimeter published by GWIS (Copernicus).
- Source
- GWIS (Copernicus)
- Date
- 27 Jul 2023 – 28 Aug 2023
+− cross-check
No official record is matched to this page to compare it with.
CD · Democratic Republic of the Congo · –
Luebo fire, July 2023 Luebo
Out · last detection 28 Aug 2023, 11:22 UTC
The fire started on 27 July 2023 in Luebo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and satellites saw it burning for 33 days. Copernicus’s global GWIS system rebuilt a burnt perimeter of 6,443 hectares from heat detections, spread across a single municipality.
It is the 32th largest in Kasaï since 2016 (of 58 with a page). Number 33 in Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2023, of 76.
Use this data
Compare with…
Use this data
Fire page data · version 2026-11-05matches the official recordwith caveatssatellite onlymodel
When copying, the sentence is
Tick the figures you want: they make up the lede and the CSV.
Duration by satellite
satellite only33days
27 Jul 2023 to 28 Aug 2023: first and last day with fire on the page.
- Source
- GWIS (Copernicus) · NASA FIRMS · VIIRS
- Date
- last detection: 28 Aug 2023, 11:22 UTC
+− cross-check
Satellites pass a few times a day and cloud or smoke can hide the fire: a lack of detections is not an official extinction. Each country’s emergency service declares a fire contained or out.
Start
satellite only27 Jul 2023
First day with fire seen by the satellites or the perimeter.
- Source
- GWIS (Copernicus) · NASA FIRMS · VIIRS
- Date
- 27 Jul 2023
+− cross-check
No official record is matched to this page, so the alert time and the cause are not known here.
Hotspots
satellite only453
VIIRS detections at 375 m. Most intense hotspot: 59 MW.
- Source
- NASA FIRMS · VIIRS (Suomi NPP + NOAA-20)
- Date
- 27 Jul 2023 – 28 Aug 2023
+− cross-check
There is no official record to compare with. Each hotspot is a pixel detected in one satellite pass, not a separate fire.
The worst day
satellite only628MW
Total radiative power on 13 August 2023; hotspots that day: 59.
- Source
- NASA FIRMS · VIIRS (FRP)
- Date
- 13 Aug 2023
+− cross-check
Fire radiative power (FRP) measures the energy the fire gives off when the satellite passes. Added up by day, it compares intensity, not area.
Danger at the start
model32.4FWI · high
Fire Weather Index (Canadian system) computed by WorldFires for the day the fire started. Consecutive days without rain before: 26.
- Source
- WorldFires calculation (Canadian FWI system)
- Date
- 27 Jul 2023, local noon
- Model
- ERA5 0,25° (ECMWF · Copernicus C3S) · Open-Meteo.com
+− cross-check
This is an index computed from weather model data, not a measurement of the fire nor an official warning. Danger warnings are issued by each country’s authority. Emergency number and official warnings
Weather during the fire
model36.4°C · 11% RH
High of 36.4 °C and minimum humidity of 11% on 14 August 2023; gusts of 36 km/h on 12 August 2023.
- Source
- weather model at the fire’s grid cell
- Date
- 27 Jul 2023 – 28 Aug 2023
- Model
- ERA5 0,25° (ECMWF · Copernicus C3S) · Open-Meteo.com
+− cross-check
These are model values for a cell of about 25 km, not from a weather station: they may differ from what was measured on the ground.
This page’s change log has been kept since 24 October 2026: every night what it publishes is compared and the difference is logged. Anything earlier is reconstructed from each source’s date and marked as reconstructed.
Show
-
logLast day with fire: 21 August 2023 → 28 August 2023.
-
logStart date: 3 August 2023 → 27 July 2023.
-
· reconstructed weatherWeather and FWI computed from the ERA5 reanalysis
-
logLast day with fire: 28 August 2023 → 21 August 2023.
-
logStart date: 28 July 2023 → 3 August 2023.
-
logLast day with fire: 21 August 2023 → 28 August 2023.
-
logStart date: 3 August 2023 → 28 July 2023.
Area logged each night
Move the slider to see which area the page published each day.
Versioned permanent link
https://worldfires.org/en/fire/luebo-2023-07?v=2026-11-05A version keeps the area, dates, name and official record; the area as it was logged (changes under 2% are not logged). The map, hotspots and weather always show today’s data.
Citation
A lede of about 60 words figures only, no adjectives
CSV for this fire luebo-2023-07.csv · daily, no individual hotspots
| fecha | focos_viirs | frp_mw | tmax_c | tmin_c | hr_min_pct | viento_max_kmh | racha_max_kmh | precip_mm | fwi | clase_fwi | dentro_del_incendio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2023-07-27 | 4 | 18 | 34 | 22.2 | 27 | 9.5 | 19.1 | 0 | 32.4 | alto | 1 |
| 2023-07-28 | 2 | 20 | 35.1 | 20.9 | 19 | 10.7 | 29.2 | 0 | 49.2 | muy_alto | 1 |
| 2023-07-29 | 8 | 136 | 33.8 | 21.5 | 30 | 12.3 | 24.1 | 0 | 36.8 | alto | 1 |
| 2023-07-30 | 5 | 34 | 34.7 | 22 | 29 | 8.4 | 25.6 | 0 | 35.3 | alto | 1 |
| 2023-07-31 | 8 | 55 | 34.8 | 22.6 | 25 | 12.4 | 24.8 | 0 | 33.7 | alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-01 | 11 | 58 | 34.9 | 20.3 | 23 | 9.5 | 23 | 0 | 34.1 | alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-02 | 0 | 0 | 34.2 | 19.1 | 21 | 11.7 | 27.4 | 0 | 42.9 | muy_alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-03 | 3 | 32 | 33.4 | 21.1 | 28 | 7.6 | 23.4 | 0 | 37.5 | alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-04 | 40 | 338 | 34.6 | 20.6 | 21 | 10.8 | 33.8 | 0 | 44.1 | muy_alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-05 | 49 | 510 | 34.2 | 19.3 | 18 | 10.2 | 28.8 | 0 | 44.9 | muy_alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-06 | 8 | 49 | 35.8 | 19.3 | 20 | 11.7 | 27.4 | 0 | 47.6 | muy_alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-07 | 23 | 203 | 33.7 | 22.6 | 25 | 11.4 | 28.4 | 0 | 47.9 | muy_alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-08 | 0 | 0 | 31.3 | 22 | 41 | 9.8 | 21.2 | 0.1 | 29 | alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-09 | 30 | 241 | 33.6 | 22.1 | 31 | 9.1 | 20.5 | 0.1 | 29.7 | alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-10 | 11 | 105 | 34.4 | 21.4 | 27 | 9.9 | 23.4 | 0 | 30.8 | alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-11 | 9 | 50 | 33.4 | 21.9 | 31 | 10.4 | 22.7 | 0.2 | 30.4 | alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-12 | 13 | 77 | 36.3 | 22.2 | 11 | 12.9 | 36.4 | 0 | 45.1 | muy_alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-13 | 59 | 628 | 36.3 | 18.7 | 11 | 11.1 | 34.9 | 0 | 53.2 | extremo | 1 |
| 2023-08-14 | 61 | 429 | 36.4 | 19.5 | 11 | 11.4 | 19.8 | 0 | 45 | muy_alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-15 | 24 | 201 | 31.7 | 22.1 | 38 | 13.7 | 28.8 | 0.4 | 30 | alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-16 | 42 | 343 | 33.7 | 22.2 | 36 | 11.4 | 25.6 | 0 | 28.4 | alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-17 | 0 | 0 | 34.8 | 23.3 | 31 | 10.5 | 25.6 | 0 | 27.6 | alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-18 | 5 | 47 | 33.5 | 24.4 | 34 | 10.5 | 27.7 | 0.1 | 29.5 | alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-19 | 0 | 0 | 30.2 | 23.6 | 49 | 12.6 | 31 | 0.4 | 29.1 | alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-20 | 13 | 65 | 34.3 | 22.5 | 37 | 11.8 | 27.7 | 0.2 | 25.6 | alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-21 | 15 | 106 | 34.3 | 23.9 | 35 | 10.8 | 29.2 | 0 | 26.1 | alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-22 | 0 | 0 | 33.6 | 22.4 | 39 | 11.2 | 31.3 | 0 | 27.5 | alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-23 | 0 | 0 | 34.5 | 21.6 | 30 | 11.2 | 26.3 | 0 | 30.7 | alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-24 | 4 | 15 | 32.4 | 23.4 | 45 | 11.6 | 27.7 | 0.3 | 27.4 | alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-25 | 0 | 0 | 32.4 | 23 | 46 | 14.3 | 35.3 | 0.7 | 28 | alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-26 | 1 | 3 | 33.3 | 22 | 42 | 10.6 | 30.2 | 0.4 | 22.4 | alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-27 | 3 | 14 | 34.6 | 23.3 | 32 | 9.9 | 22 | 0 | 24.2 | alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-28 | 2 | 11 | 33.7 | 23.2 | 38 | 10.9 | 22.3 | 0.1 | 28.3 | alto | 1 |
| 2023-08-29 | 0 | 0 | 34.1 | 22.1 | 26 | 9.6 | 32.4 | 0.1 | 33.3 | alto | 0 |
| 2023-08-30 | 0 | 0 | 35.5 | 21 | 22 | 7.2 | 19.4 | 0 | 33.5 | alto | 0 |
| 2023-08-31 | 0 | 0 | 32.7 | 23.8 | 39 | 9.2 | 23.4 | 0.2 | 33.4 | alto | 0 |
| 2023-09-01 | 0 | 0 | 33.7 | 21.9 | 39 | 10.3 | 19.8 | 0.5 | 28.6 | alto | 0 |
| 2023-09-02 | 0 | 0 | 34.8 | 22.7 | 37 | 11.9 | 23 | 0.3 | 31.5 | alto | 0 |
| 2023-09-03 | 0 | 0 | 33.6 | 23.8 | 39 | 12.7 | 24.1 | 0.2 | 29.1 | alto | 0 |
| 2023-09-04 | 0 | 0 | 33.7 | 21.7 | 38 | 10.8 | 29.5 | 3 | 12.7 | moderado | 0 |
It is generated in your browser from this page’s data: one file per fire, aggregated by day and without individual hotspots.
Live widget for your story
It updates itself while the fire is still active and links to this page. Free, with the attribution shown at the bottom.
Sources for this page: GWIS (Copernicus), NASA FIRMS (VIIRS), ERA5 (ECMWF/Copernicus C3S) · Open-Meteo.com (CC BY 4.0). Open-Meteo.com · How we build fire pages: methodology
- Burnt area
- 6,443ha
- GWIS perimeter (Copernicus)
- Duration
- 33days
- 27 Jul 2023 – 28 Aug 2023
- Municipalities hit
- 1
- territories
- Started on
- 27 Jul
- 2023
- Heat detections
- 453
- in a single hotspot: 59 MW
- Danger at start
- 32
- High · FWI index
- Average daily power
- 146MW
- detected power per day, on average
Where it burned
HOTSPOTS BY DAY
27 Jul28 Aug
28 Aug 2023
How it evolved, day by day
27 Jul
3 Aug
13 Aug
27 Aug
Fire radiative power detected each day, in megawatts, and number of hotspots. The magenta bar marks the peak day.
The weather it burned in
36°high
36km/h · peak gust
11%lowest humidity
It had gone 26 days without rain (1 mm or more) when it started. Rain came after the fire: 3.0 mm on 4 Sept.
This area had burned before
61% of the perimeter overlaps earlier fires recorded since 2016: 1,726 ha in 2016, 8 ha in 2019, 1,667 ha in 2020, 2,172 ha in 2021, 1,241 ha in 2022. Part of it burned more than once, so the yearly figures add up to more than the 3,918 ha that had burned before.
How big is it?
London boundary: geoBoundaries · Office for National Statistics (Open Government Licence v3.0).
Paris boundary: geoBoundaries · Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière (IGN-F) (Etalab Open License 2.0).
Madrid boundary: geoBoundaries · Open Data ESRI, IGN Central Registry of Cartography Area (CC BY 4.0).
Berlin boundary: geoBoundaries · Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy (dl-de/by-2-0).
This compares size, not location: both shapes are at the same scale, north up, centred on each other.
What happened to each town
-
Luebo where it started6,490 ha reached on 27 Jul0.8 %
Burnt area inside each municipality, from crossing the GWIS perimeter with administrative boundaries. The distance runs from the point marking the centre of each area to the nearest fire: staying a kilometre away does not mean it reached the houses.
The weather day by day
ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis at the fire location, the standard reference for past weather, and the Canadian Fire Weather Index (the same system Copernicus uses), computed by WorldFires from that data. Days after the fire run until the first rain.
Open-Meteo.com (CC BY 4.0) · Copernicus Climate Change Service (ERA5)
| Day | High | Min. humidity | Peak gust | Rain | Danger (FWI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 27 Jul | 34.0 °C | 27 % | 19 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 32 |
| 28 Jul | 35.1 °C | 19 % | 29 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 49 |
| 29 Jul | 33.8 °C | 30 % | 24 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 37 |
| 30 Jul | 34.7 °C | 29 % | 26 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 35 |
| 31 Jul | 34.8 °C | 25 % | 25 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 34 |
| 1 Aug | 34.9 °C | 23 % | 23 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 34 |
| 2 Aug | 34.2 °C | 21 % | 27 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 43 |
| 3 Aug | 33.4 °C | 28 % | 23 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 38 |
| 4 Aug | 34.6 °C | 21 % | 34 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 44 |
| 5 Aug | 34.2 °C | 18 % | 29 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 45 |
| 6 Aug | 35.8 °C | 20 % | 27 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 48 |
| 7 Aug | 33.7 °C | 25 % | 28 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 48 |
| 8 Aug | 31.3 °C | 41 % | 21 km/h | 0.1 mm | High 29 |
| 9 Aug | 33.6 °C | 31 % | 20 km/h | 0.1 mm | High 30 |
| 10 Aug | 34.4 °C | 27 % | 23 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 31 |
| 11 Aug | 33.4 °C | 31 % | 23 km/h | 0.2 mm | High 30 |
| 12 Aug | 36.3 °C | 11 % | 36 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 45 |
| 13 Aug | 36.3 °C | 11 % | 35 km/h | 0.0 mm | Extreme 53 |
| 14 Aug | 36.4 °C | 11 % | 20 km/h | 0.0 mm | Very high 45 |
| 15 Aug | 31.7 °C | 38 % | 29 km/h | 0.4 mm | High 30 |
| 16 Aug | 33.7 °C | 36 % | 26 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 28 |
| 17 Aug | 34.8 °C | 31 % | 26 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 28 |
| 18 Aug | 33.5 °C | 34 % | 28 km/h | 0.1 mm | High 30 |
| 19 Aug | 30.2 °C | 49 % | 31 km/h | 0.4 mm | High 29 |
| 20 Aug | 34.3 °C | 37 % | 28 km/h | 0.2 mm | High 26 |
| 21 Aug | 34.3 °C | 35 % | 29 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 26 |
| 22 Aug | 33.6 °C | 39 % | 31 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 28 |
| 23 Aug | 34.5 °C | 30 % | 26 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 31 |
| 24 Aug | 32.4 °C | 45 % | 28 km/h | 0.3 mm | High 27 |
| 25 Aug | 32.4 °C | 46 % | 35 km/h | 0.7 mm | High 28 |
| 26 Aug | 33.3 °C | 42 % | 30 km/h | 0.4 mm | High 22 |
| 27 Aug | 34.6 °C | 32 % | 22 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 24 |
| 28 Aug | 33.7 °C | 38 % | 22 km/h | 0.1 mm | High 28 |
| 29 Aug after | 34.1 °C | 26 % | 32 km/h | 0.1 mm | High 33 |
| 30 Aug after | 35.5 °C | 22 % | 19 km/h | 0.0 mm | High 34 |
| 31 Aug after | 32.7 °C | 39 % | 23 km/h | 0.2 mm | High 33 |
| 1 Sept after | 33.7 °C | 39 % | 20 km/h | 0.5 mm | High 29 |
| 2 Sept after | 34.8 °C | 37 % | 23 km/h | 0.3 mm | High 32 |
| 3 Sept after | 33.6 °C | 39 % | 24 km/h | 0.2 mm | High 29 |
| 4 Sept after | 33.7 °C | 38 % | 30 km/h | 3.0 mm | Moderate 13 |
Its twins: fires that started in the same weather
It started with an FWI of 32.4, a minimum humidity of 27% and 26 days without rain. Fires in the area that started in weather like this since 2016: 27.
FWI at the start
32.4
Minimum humidity
27 %
Days without rain
26
this fire
chosen twins
rest of the area
Almost identicalSimilar
Outlines of the closest twins
This fire · Luebo fire, July 2023
6,443 ha
33 days
FWI 32.4
Min. humidity 27 %
Kamonia fire, June 2025
5,174 ha
17 days
FWI 28.8
Min. humidity 26 %
130 km away, in 2025
First rain (1 mm or more) after it ended: none in the following ten days.
Kamonia fire, June 2018
6,514 ha
18 days
FWI 29.4
Min. humidity 27 %
107 km away, in 2018
First rain (1 mm or more) after it ended: none in the following ten days.
Idiofa fire, July 2024
5,706 ha
29 days
FWI 33.7
Min. humidity 29 %
243 km away, in 2024
First rain (1 mm or more) after it ended: none in the following ten days.
Kamonia fire, June 2018
5,690 ha
13 days
FWI 33.2
Min. humidity 25 %
92 km away, in 2018
First rain (1 mm or more) after it ended: none in the following ten days.
Cambulo fire, June 2017
8,667 ha
7 days
FWI 32.2
Min. humidity 25 %
179 km away, in 2017
First rain (1 mm or more) after it ended: none in the following ten days.
What happened to them
- 17 days
- median duration
- 5,882 ha
- median area
- 19 %
- went past 10,000 ha
- 1.8 mm
- rain at the end (median; 10 of 27 had it)
It burned an area similar to its twins (6,443 ha against a median of 5,882 ha) and lasted 33 days, against 17 days.
In 17 of 27, not even 1 mm fell in the ten days after the end: they went out without rain. In the rest, the first rainy day brought a median of 1.8 mm.
This is a bank of analogues: it shows what usually happens, not what will happen. With fewer than 15 twins we give no figures. How we calculate it
How it ended
3.0 mmfirst rain
4 Sept7 days after it ended
36km/h · max. gust
It was considered over on 28 Aug, and on 4 Sept 3.0 mm fell. We do not know whether the rain or the firefighters put it out. Twins with rain when they ended: 10 of 27, with a median of 1.8 mm.
Weather on this page: Open-Meteo.com (CC BY 4.0) · Copernicus Climate Change Service (ERA5)
How a twin is chosen
- Same area: fires that have already ended, less than 250 km from this one, since 2016.
- Same start: we compare the FWI on the first day, the minimum humidity that day and the run of days without rain before it. The slider sets how much they may differ.
- Only pages with final weather data (ERA5 reanalysis) calculated in the same way as this fire’s; agricultural and grass burns and pages with data under review are left out.
- Fires burning at the same time as this one (a week before or after) are left out: they share the same spell of weather and do not count as a precedent.
- They are sorted by similarity, and the outlines of the first five are drawn.
Before and after, from space
Drag the line to compare the same ground before the fire and after it.
↔
Before · 20 Jul 2023
After · 4 Sept 2023
Sentinel-2 did not pass over on that day. Try another date, or use false colour, which is daily.
If the day is cloudy, change the date: each satellite passes once a day. In false colour the burnt ground looks brown or red.
The smoke
CAMS · CopernicusOn 15 August 2023 the air beside the fire reached 462 µg/m³ of PM2.5. That day averaged 172: 11 times the WHO daily guideline (15).
PM2.5 peak462 µg/m³
Days over the guideline24 days
PM10659 µg/m³
Optical depth3.65
WHO 15
1 Aug6 Aug11 Aug16 Aug21 Aug
Good
Fair
Moderate
Poor
Very poor
Extremely poor
Particles from the Copernicus CAMS model at the centre of the perimeter; these are not measurements in each town. The pale bar is the worst hour, the solid one the daily average.
Open-Meteo.com (CC BY 4.0) · Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS)
Detections table · 453Every satellite heat detection, one by one, with time, satellite, power and coordinates.
⬇ Download CSV
Times in UTC. Each detection is a 375 m pixel: a large fire yields hundreds per pass.
| Date and time | Satellite | FRP (MW) | Lat | Lon |
|---|
Other fires nearby
Frequently asked questions
- How long did the Luebo fire last?
- According to the heat detections seen by satellite inside the perimeter, it burned from 27 July 2023 to 28 August 2023 (33 days). The perimeter dates it from 3 August 2023 to 21 August 2023.
- How much area did it burn?
- The perimeter GWIS (Copernicus) rebuilt from heat detections is 6,443 hectares (64.4 km²). It is an estimate: official national figures may differ.
- Which municipalities burned?
- The fire only entered Luebo (6,490 ha, 0.8 %).
- What was the weather like?
- During the fire the temperature reached 36.4 °C, humidity dropped to 11 % and gusts hit 36 km/h. The fire danger index (FWI) reached 53, class Extreme.
- Where does this data come from?
- From the GWIS (Copernicus) burnt perimeter, NASA FIRMS VIIRS hotspots and the administrative boundaries of Democratic Republic of the Congo (geoBoundaries). It is not an official report.
- How did the fires that started in similar weather in this area end?
- Fires less than 250 km away that started since 2016 with a similar FWI, humidity and dry spell: 27. Their median duration was 17 days and their median area 5,882 ha; 19 % went past 10,000 ha. In 17 of 27, not even 1 mm fell in the ten days after the end: they went out without rain. In the rest, the first rainy day brought a median of 1.8 mm.
Where to verify it
A satellite detection is not an official report. Final figures and the fire’s status are published by each country’s emergency service.
Satellite cross-check
History of this page · 6 Changes in area, dates, name, official record or merged pages, compared every night since 24 October 2026.
- Last day with fire: 21 August 2023 → 28 August 2023.
- Start date: 3 August 2023 → 27 July 2023.
- Last day with fire: 28 August 2023 → 21 August 2023.
- Start date: 28 July 2023 → 3 August 2023.
- Last day with fire: 21 August 2023 → 28 August 2023.
- Start date: 3 August 2023 → 28 July 2023.
RSS Changes to this page With cross-checks and a citable version
Does something look wrong on this page?
This page is built from satellite data and official records, and it sometimes gets things wrong: the wrong dates, the wrong town, two fires merged into one, or something that was not a wildfire at all. If you know this fire first-hand (you live nearby, saw it, fought it or reported on it), tell us what really happened and we will check it.
Report an error
How we know this
- Perimeter: GWIS (Copernicus), rebuilt from heat detections rather than mapped on imagery.
- Dates adjusted with the VIIRS detections inside the perimeter, which said 3 August 2023 to 21 August 2023. 453 Suomi-NPP VIIRS detections on those dates.
- We have not matched this page with any official record.
- Weather: Copernicus ERA5 reanalysis at the fire location, in cells of about 25 km.
Where this data comes from
The perimeter comes from the Copernicus Global Wildfire Information System (GWIS), which rebuilds it from MODIS and VIIRS heat detections and publishes it under CC BY 4.0. It is not measured on imagery as in Europe, so it is an estimate. Heat detections come from the VIIRS sensors aboard Suomi-NPP and NOAA-20, distributed by NASA FIRMS at 375 m resolution. Municipal boundaries come from geoBoundaries ADM2 (Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Intergovernmental Organisations (CC BY 3.0 IGO)). The area per municipality is computed by WorldFires by crossing the perimeter with those boundaries, so it may differ from each country’s official figure.